Blood of Accused-Vital Scientific Evidence in Crime of Rape

Rape is a heinous crime and lot of rape crimes are registered in Maharashtra day to day. In case of a minor victim, medical examination plays important role to prove the rape. For the forensic analysis, forensic science laboratory receives the samples collected by medical officers during the medical examination of victim and accused and the other samples of them like clothes, crime scene articles seized by investigation agency. In the crime of rape, semen of accused on clothes of victim or in genital parts of victim is always the crucial scientific evidence which can prove the act of crime and can led severe punishment by law. However, every time it is not possible to obtain semen on articles as sometimes ejaculation of semen may not be achieved by the culprit. In such situations, blood also plays important role to connect the accused with the crime. We analyzed two such cases where, DNA profiles obtained from blood detected on victim’s clothes matched with DNA profiles of accused. However, as the cases were belonged to rape, accused were adult and both victims were minor, the transfer of blood of accused on their clothes was astonishing. After studying medical examination report of both the accused, it was found that they had penile injuries while attempting the crime. So, in absence of semen; the DNA profile obtained from blood on victim’s clothes found the crucial evidence in both the cases which proved the involvement of accused in the crime. Introduction Recently there has been tremendous rise in sexual offences against women and more dangerous fact is that the number of minor victims in such crimes is more. Census data from 2011 shows that in India 472 million children below age of eighteen and out of them 225 million are girls [1]. Many times due to pressure and lack of knowledge, these children fear to talk about atrocious crime. India has taken lot of precautions since the Nirbhaya case happened and made legal provision of new act “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012 (POCSO Act 2012)” and continuously monitoring these cases [2]. To increase conviction rate, scientific evidence has lot of importance and DNA evidence is the one of best evidence. If this evidence is found, court can send culprit to rigorous imprisonment considering DNA report. While performing forensic analysis of exhibits seized in sexual offences, though semen is absent in medical samples like vaginal swab, pubic hair or on her clothes, if blood of accused is found on her exhibits, it can play a vital evidence to prove the crime. This evidence of blood is very much important in specifically minor victims. Because in such crimes, it is observed that most of the times, accused fails to intercourse and ejaculate semen because of smaller opening of vagina of minor girl and he himself gets penile injuries while forceful attempt. Blood detected in such cases is important to prove the crime [3]. We solved such two cases in our forensic science laboratory. Kudekar DY1*, Mahajan VB1*, More BP1, Kawade JR1 and Kulkarni KV2 1Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Home Department, India 2Directorates of Forensic Science Laboratories, Home Department, India *Address for Correspondence Kudekar DY, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of Maharashtra, Home Department, Dindori Road, Nashik 440002, Maharashtra, India; Phone/Fax (O): 0253-2620573, Mob: 8898267006; E-mail: deepak.kudekar99@maharashtra.gov.in Mahajan VB, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Home Department, India Email: vaishalimahajan.nagpur@gmail.com Submission: 16-July-2020 Accepted: 12-August-2020 Published: 19-August-2020 Copyright: © 2020 Kudekar DY, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Research Article Open Access Journal of Forensic Investigation Avens Publishing Group Inviting Innovations Avens Publishing Group Inviting Innovations In first case, registered in Nashik District, victim was 15 years old. One day she went to buy grocery to nearby shop. A known boy had taken advantage of her innocence and lured her. He took her in secluded place and raped her forcefully without her consent. In the second case, registered in Jalgaon District, victim was only 9 years old. She was a special child with mental illness while culprit was 65 years old and he was her neighbor. The child was plying near her home; accused called her in his home and tried to rape her on iron bed. In both the cases, investigation agencies sent seized cloths along with medical samples of victims and accused to Regional forensic science laboratory Nashik for forensic examination. Materials and Methods Prepfiler Express Kit (applied biosystem) AmpFI STR Identifler kit (applied biosystem) Forensic Buffer pH 8


Introduction
Recently there has been tremendous rise in sexual offences against women and more dangerous fact is that the number of minor victims in such crimes is more. Census data from 2011 shows that in India 472 million children below age of eighteen and out of them 225 million are girls [1]. Many times due to pressure and lack of knowledge, these children fear to talk about atrocious crime. India has taken lot of precautions since the Nirbhaya case happened and made legal provision of new act "Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012 (POCSO Act 2012)" and continuously monitoring these cases [2]. To increase conviction rate, scientific evidence has lot of importance and DNA evidence is the one of best evidence. If this evidence is found, court can send culprit to rigorous imprisonment considering DNA report.
While performing forensic analysis of exhibits seized in sexual offences, though semen is absent in medical samples like vaginal swab, pubic hair or on her clothes, if blood of accused is found on her exhibits, it can play a vital evidence to prove the crime. This evidence of blood is very much important in specifically minor victims. Because in such crimes, it is observed that most of the times, accused fails to intercourse and ejaculate semen because of smaller opening of vagina of minor girl and he himself gets penile injuries while forceful attempt. Blood detected in such cases is important to prove the crime [3]. We solved such two cases in our forensic science laboratory.

Inviting Innovations
In first case, registered in Nashik District, victim was 15 years old. One day she went to buy grocery to nearby shop. A known boy had taken advantage of her innocence and lured her. He took her in secluded place and raped her forcefully without her consent.
In the second case, registered in Jalgaon District, victim was only 9 years old. She was a special child with mental illness while culprit was 65 years old and he was her neighbor. The child was plying near her home; accused called her in his home and tried to rape her on iron bed.
In both the cases, investigation agencies sent seized cloths along with medical samples of victims and accused to Regional forensic science laboratory Nashik for forensic examination.

Steps used in analysis
Detection of Blood and semen: In the first case, our laboratory had received clothes of victim, accused and medical samples like vaginal swabs, pubic hair, nail clippings and reference blood sample of victim and pubic hair, penile swab, nail clippings, reference blood sample of accused. During detection of all the exhibits, blood was detected only on kurta, jeans pant of victim and underwear of accused. Semen was detected on underwear of accused. No semen was detected on victim's clothes as well as medical samples.
In the second case, our laboratory had received clothes of victim, accused and crime scene bed sheet, mattress cover. Similarly, medical samples of victim and accused collected by medical officer during medical checkup. While analysis, the blood was detected on frock, knicker of victim and also on bed sheet and cover of mattress. Semen was detected on cover of mattress. No semen was detected on clothes of victim and accused. Neither blood nor semen was detected on medical samples of both.
Routine Kastle -Meyer solution was used for detection of blood [4,5].
Semen was detected on cover of mattress using acid phosphatase test [6]. Extraction of DNA:-In the first case, the DNA was extraction from blood detected on kurta, jeans pant of victim, underwear of accused and semen detected on underwear of accused. In the second case, DNA was extracted from blood detected on frock, knicker of victim and bed sheet from crime scene and semen detected on cover of mattress. The DNA extraction was done using Automate Express machine using PrepFiler TM Express DNA extraction kit [7]. The PrepFiler TM Forensic DNA extraction Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) is efficient for isolation of DNA from a variety of biological samples that contain small quantities of biological material so that if traces of undetected semen are present in blood on cloths or medical samples, male DNA can be extracted from blood mixed semen using this kit [7][8][9]. The protocol used for extraction was as follows.
1. Blood stains on all the positive articles were cut into small 1 x 1 mm pieces and were placed in 2ml micro centrifuge tube.
2. 500 μl Lysis buffer from PrepFiler Express F DNA extraction kit (19) was added to all the sample tubes.
3. The sample tubes were kept on thermo shaker at 750 rpm at 70 ˚C for 40 min.
4. The tubes were then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 2 min.

Cartridges from PrepFiler
Express F DNA extraction kit were loaded to the cartridge rack in Automate Express DNA extraction system (20), Sample tubes, elution tubes and tips were loaded as per machine guidelines and the machine program was run as per the recommended machine protocol.
6. After completion of program, elution tubes containing extracted DNA in highly pure form were stored at 4˚C till the next PCR amplification process.
Many different methods are available for extraction of DNA.
Routine organic extraction Phenol/Chloroform extraction method is quite sensitive method for the extraction of DNA from wide variety of forensic samples [10]. This organic extraction method was employed for extraction of DNA from reference blood samples of accused and victim in both the cases. In organic extraction method, samples were lysed using Forensic Buffer (p H 8), Proteinase K, and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate. Further samples were incubated for 2 hrs at 56˚C and Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol previously prepared solution was added. The aqueous layer containing DNA separated and treated with 2 M Sodium Acetate and the DNA was precipitated using chilled Isopropanol. Finally extracted DNA dissolved in TE buffer (p H 7).

Quantification of DNA
Extracted DNA was quantified using Quantifiler human DNA kit on 7500 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) according to the protocol [11,12]. Proper diluted DNA sample was used for further PCR reaction.

Polymerase chain reaction
Quantified DNA of all the samples from both the cases was processed for PCR using AmpFlSTR ® Identifiler ® PCR amplification kit on Veriti Thermal Cycler of Applied Biosystems (Table 1 and 2) [13,14]. AmpFlSTRTM IdentifilerTM primers amplify the STR loci   CSF1PO, D2S1338, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317,  D16S539, D18S51, D19S433, D21S11, FGA, TH01, TPOX,  STR Genotyping:-After completion of PCR amplification of DNA, amplified DNA products were analyzed on 3500 Genetic Analyzer and processed using Gene Mapper ® ID-X Software V 1.5 according to manufacturer recommended procedure. Simultaneous amplification of 16 STR Loci was achieved [15][16][17]. DNA profiles obtained from above samples in both cases were interpreted and compared with each other.

Results and Discussion
In case no. 1 DNA profiles obtained from blood detected on kurta, jeans pant of victim, underwear of accused and semen detected on underwear of accused were found to be identical and from one and the same source of male origin and matched with DNA profile obtained from reference blood of accused ( Case no.1, Table no.1).
In case no.2 The DNA profiles obtained from blood detected on frock and knicker of victim , bed sheet and cover of mattress from crime scene and semen detected on cover of mattress from crime scene found to be identical and from one and same source of male origin and matched with DNA profile of reference blood of accused (Case no.2, Table no.2).

Conclusion
As in both scenarios the victims of crime were minor girls. So, during the act of sexual offence bleeding from genitals of victim is natural. While analysis, the forensic expert probably expects either blood of victim or semen of accused on garments as well as on crime scene. But every time, it doesn't happen. Many times, accused tries for intercourse but being minor the vaginal opening is small and victim cries due to pain so, accused himself gets penile injuries in trying forceful intercourse, his blood may found on crime scene and garments of victim and accused. In both the cases analyzed in our laboratory, we got male DNA profiles from blood detected on clothes. When we inquired injury report of accused, it showed penile injuries while attempting the rape. In absence of semen on clothes or medical samples of victim; the DNA profile obtained from blood of accused itself proved that the profiles belong to accused, in addition to this, medical injury reports also support that both culprits got penile injuries. It is definitely a sufficient evidence to prove the guilt of accused in the court.